/*
 * $Id: FactorAbsolute.java 3843 2011-12-29 11:56:02Z kredel $
 */

package edu.jas.ufd;


import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.SortedMap;
import java.util.TreeMap;

import org.apache.log4j.Logger;

import edu.jas.poly.AlgebraicNumber;
import edu.jas.poly.AlgebraicNumberRing;
import edu.jas.poly.GenPolynomial;
import edu.jas.poly.GenPolynomialRing;
import edu.jas.poly.PolyUtil;
import edu.jas.structure.GcdRingElem;
import edu.jas.structure.Power;
import edu.jas.structure.RingFactory;


/**
 * Absolute factorization algorithms class. This class contains implementations
 * of methods for factorization over algebraically closed fields. The required
 * field extension is computed along with the factors. The methods have been
 * tested for prime fields of characteristic zero, that is for
 * <code>BigRational</code>. It might eventually also be used for prime
 * fields of non-zero characteristic, that is with <code>ModInteger</code>.
 * The field extension may yet not be minimal.
 * @author Heinz Kredel
 * @param <C> coefficient type
 */

public abstract class FactorAbsolute<C extends GcdRingElem<C>> extends FactorAbstract<C> {


    private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(FactorAbsolute.class);


    private final boolean debug = logger.isDebugEnabled();


    /*     
     * Factorization engine for algebraic number coefficients.
     */
    //not possible here because of recursion AN -> Int|Mod -> AN -> ...
    //public final FactorAbstract<AlgebraicNumber<C>> aengine;

    /**
     * No argument constructor. <b>Note:</b> can't use this constructor.
     */
    protected FactorAbsolute() {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("don't use this constructor");
    }


    /**
     * Constructor.
     * @param cfac coefficient ring factory.
     */
    public FactorAbsolute(RingFactory<C> cfac) {
        super(cfac);
        //GenPolynomialRing<C> fac = new GenPolynomialRing<C>(cfac,1);
        //GenPolynomial<C> p = fac.univariate(0);
        //AlgebraicNumberRing<C> afac = new AlgebraicNumberRing<C>(p);
        //aengine = null; //FactorFactory.<C>getImplementation(afac); // hack
    }


    /**
     * Get the String representation.
     * @see java.lang.Object#toString()
     */
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return getClass().getName();
    }


    /**
     * GenPolynomial test if is absolute irreducible.
     * @param P GenPolynomial.
     * @return true if P is absolute irreducible, else false.
     */
    public boolean isAbsoluteIrreducible(GenPolynomial<C> P) {
        if (!isIrreducible(P)) {
            return false;
        }
        Factors<C> F = factorsAbsoluteIrreducible(P);
        if (F.afac == null) {
            return true;
        } else if (F.afactors.size() > 2) {
            return false;
        } else { //F.size() == 2
            boolean cnst = false;
            for (GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>> p : F.afactors) {
                if (p.isConstant()) {
                    cnst = true;
                }
            }
            return cnst;
        }
    }


    /**
     * GenPolynomial absolute base factorization of a polynomial.
     * @param P univariate GenPolynomial.
     * @return factors map container: [p_1 -&gt; e_1, ..., p_k -&gt; e_k] with P =
     *         prod_{i=1,...,k} p_i**e_i. <b>Note:</b> K(alpha) not yet
     *         minimal.
     */
    // @Override
    public FactorsMap<C> baseFactorsAbsolute(GenPolynomial<C> P) {
        if (P == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(this.getClass().getName() + " P == null");
        }
        SortedMap<GenPolynomial<C>, Long> factors = new TreeMap<GenPolynomial<C>, Long>();
        if (P.isZERO()) {
            return new FactorsMap<C>(P, factors);
        }
        //System.out.println("\nP_base = " + P);
        GenPolynomialRing<C> pfac = P.ring; // K[x]
        if (pfac.nvar > 1) {
            //System.out.println("\nfacs_base: univ");
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("only for univariate polynomials");
        }
        if (!pfac.coFac.isField()) {
            //System.out.println("\nfacs_base: field");
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("only for field coefficients");
        }
        if (P.degree(0) <= 1) {
            factors.put(P, 1L);
            return new FactorsMap<C>(P, factors);
        }
        // factor over K (=C)
        SortedMap<GenPolynomial<C>, Long> facs = baseFactors(P);
        if (debug && !isFactorization(P, facs)) {
            System.out.println("facs   = " + facs);
            throw new ArithmeticException("isFactorization = false");
        }
        if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
            logger.info("all K factors = " + facs); // Q[X]
            //System.out.println("\nall K factors = " + facs); // Q[X]
        }
        // factor over some K(alpha)
        SortedMap<Factors<C>, Long> afactors = new TreeMap<Factors<C>, Long>();
        for (GenPolynomial<C> p : facs.keySet()) {
            Long e = facs.get(p);
            if (p.degree(0) <= 1) {
                factors.put(p, e);
            } else {
                Factors<C> afacs = baseFactorsAbsoluteIrreducible(p);
                //System.out.println("afacs   = " + afacs);
                afactors.put(afacs, e);
            }
        }
        //System.out.println("K(alpha) factors = " + factors);
        return new FactorsMap<C>(P, factors, afactors);
    }


    /**
     * GenPolynomial absolute base factorization of a squarefree polynomial.
     * @param P squarefree and primitive univariate GenPolynomial.
     * @return factors list container: [p_1,...,p_k] with P = prod_{i=1, ..., k}
     *         p_i. <b>Note:</b> K(alpha) not yet minimal.
     */
    // @Override
    public FactorsList<C> baseFactorsAbsoluteSquarefree(GenPolynomial<C> P) {
        if (P == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(this.getClass().getName() + " P == null");
        }
        List<GenPolynomial<C>> factors = new ArrayList<GenPolynomial<C>>();
        if (P.isZERO()) {
            return new FactorsList<C>(P, factors);
        }
        //System.out.println("\nP_base_sqf = " + P);
        GenPolynomialRing<C> pfac = P.ring; // K[x]
        if (pfac.nvar > 1) {
            //System.out.println("facs_base_sqf: univ");
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("only for univariate polynomials");
        }
        if (!pfac.coFac.isField()) {
            //System.out.println("facs_base_sqf: field");
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("only for field coefficients");
        }
        if (P.degree(0) <= 1) {
            factors.add(P);
            return new FactorsList<C>(P, factors);
        }
        // factor over K (=C)
        List<GenPolynomial<C>> facs = baseFactorsSquarefree(P);
        //System.out.println("facs_base_irred = " + facs);
        if (debug && !isFactorization(P, facs)) {
            throw new ArithmeticException("isFactorization = false");
        }
        if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
            logger.info("all K factors = " + facs); // Q[X]
            //System.out.println("\nall K factors = " + facs); // Q[X]
        }
        // factor over K(alpha)
        List<Factors<C>> afactors = new ArrayList<Factors<C>>();
        for (GenPolynomial<C> p : facs) {
            //System.out.println("facs_base_sqf_p = " + p);
            if (p.degree(0) <= 1) {
                factors.add(p);
            } else {
                Factors<C> afacs = baseFactorsAbsoluteIrreducible(p);
                //System.out.println("afacs_base_sqf = " + afacs);
                if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
                    logger.info("K(alpha) factors = " + afacs); // K(alpha)[X]
                }
                afactors.add(afacs);
            }
        }
        //System.out.println("K(alpha) factors = " + factors);
        return new FactorsList<C>(P, factors, afactors);
    }


    /**
     * GenPolynomial base absolute factorization of a irreducible polynomial.
     * @param P irreducible! univariate GenPolynomial.
     * @return factors container: [p_1,...,p_k] with P = prod_{i=1, ..., k} p_i
     *         in K(alpha)[x] for suitable alpha and p_i irreducible over L[x],
     *         where K \subset K(alpha) \subset L is an algebraically closed
     *         field over K. <b>Note:</b> K(alpha) not yet minimal.
     */
    public Factors<C> baseFactorsAbsoluteIrreducible(GenPolynomial<C> P) {
        if (P == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(this.getClass().getName() + " P == null");
        }
        if (P.isZERO()) {
            return new Factors<C>(P);
        }
        //System.out.println("\nP_base_irred = " + P);
        GenPolynomialRing<C> pfac = P.ring; // K[x]
        if (pfac.nvar > 1) {
            //System.out.println("facs_base_irred: univ");
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("only for univariate polynomials");
        }
        if (!pfac.coFac.isField()) {
            //System.out.println("facs_base_irred: field");
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("only for field coefficients");
        }
        if (P.degree(0) <= 1) {
            return new Factors<C>(P);
        }
        // setup field extension K(alpha) where alpha = z_xx
        //String[] vars = new String[] { "z_" + Math.abs(P.hashCode() % 1000) };
        String[] vars = pfac.newVars( "z_" );
        pfac = pfac.clone();
        vars = pfac.setVars(vars);
        GenPolynomial<C> aP = pfac.copy(P); // hack to exchange the variables
        AlgebraicNumberRing<C> afac = new AlgebraicNumberRing<C>(aP, true); // since irreducible
        if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
            logger.info("K(alpha) = " + afac);
            logger.info("K(alpha) = " + afac.toScript());
            //System.out.println("K(alpha) = " + afac);
        }
        GenPolynomialRing<AlgebraicNumber<C>> pafac = new GenPolynomialRing<AlgebraicNumber<C>>(afac,
                aP.ring.nvar, aP.ring.tord, /*old*/vars);
        // convert to K(alpha)
        GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>> Pa = PolyUtil.<C> convertToAlgebraicCoefficients(pafac, P);
        if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
            logger.info("P over K(alpha) = " + Pa);
            //logger.info("P over K(alpha) = " + Pa.toScript()); 
            //System.out.println("P in K(alpha) = " + Pa);
        }
        // factor over K(alpha)
        FactorAbstract<AlgebraicNumber<C>> engine = FactorFactory.<C> getImplementation(afac);
        //System.out.println("K(alpha) engine = " + engine);
        List<GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>>> factors = engine.baseFactorsSquarefree(Pa);
        //System.out.println("factors = " + factors);
        if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
            logger.info("factors over K(alpha) = " + factors);
            //System.out.println("factors over K(alpha) = " + factors);
        }
        List<GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>>> faca = new ArrayList<GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>>>(
                factors.size());;
        List<Factors<AlgebraicNumber<C>>> facar = new ArrayList<Factors<AlgebraicNumber<C>>>();
        for (GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>> fi : factors) {
            if (fi.degree(0) <= 1) {
                faca.add(fi);
            } else {
                //System.out.println("fi.deg > 1 = " + fi);
                FactorAbsolute<AlgebraicNumber<C>> aengine = (FactorAbsolute<AlgebraicNumber<C>>) FactorFactory
                        .<C> getImplementation(afac);
                Factors<AlgebraicNumber<C>> fif = aengine.baseFactorsAbsoluteIrreducible(fi);
                //System.out.println("fif = " + fif);
                facar.add(fif);
            }
        }
        if (facar.size() == 0) {
            facar = null;
        }
        // find minimal field extension K(beta) \subset K(alpha)
        return new Factors<C>(P, afac, Pa, faca, facar);
    }


    /**
     * Univariate GenPolynomial algebraic partial fraction decomposition, 
     * Absolute factorization or Rothstein-Trager algorithm.
     * @param A univariate GenPolynomial, deg(A) < deg(P).
     * @param P univariate squarefree GenPolynomial, gcd(A,P) == 1.
     * @return partial fraction container.
     */
    public PartialFraction<C> baseAlgebraicPartialFraction(GenPolynomial<C> A, GenPolynomial<C> P) {
        if (P == null || P.isZERO() ) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(" P == null or P == 0");
        }
        if (A == null || A.isZERO() ) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(" A == null or A == 0");
            // PartialFraction(A,P,al,pl,empty,empty)
        }
        //System.out.println("\nP_base_algeb_part = " + P);
        GenPolynomialRing<C> pfac = P.ring; // K[x]
        if (pfac.nvar > 1) {
            //System.out.println("facs_base_irred: univ");
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("only for univariate polynomials");
        }
        if (!pfac.coFac.isField()) {
            //System.out.println("facs_base_irred: field");
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("only for field coefficients");
        }
        List<C> cfactors = new ArrayList<C>();
        List<GenPolynomial<C>> cdenom = new ArrayList<GenPolynomial<C>>();
        List<AlgebraicNumber<C>> afactors = new ArrayList<AlgebraicNumber<C>>();
        List<GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>>> adenom = new ArrayList<GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>>>();

        // P linear
        if (P.degree(0) <= 1) {
            cfactors.add(A.leadingBaseCoefficient());
            cdenom.add(P); 
            return new PartialFraction<C>(A,P,cfactors,cdenom,afactors,adenom);
        }
        List<GenPolynomial<C>> Pfac = baseFactorsSquarefree(P);
        //System.out.println("\nPfac = " + Pfac);

        List<GenPolynomial<C>> Afac = engine.basePartialFraction(A,Pfac);

        GenPolynomial<C> A0 = Afac.remove(0);
        if ( !A0.isZERO() ) {
            throw new ArithmeticException(" A0 != 0: deg(A)>= deg(P)");
        }

        // algebraic and linear factors
        int i = 0;
        for ( GenPolynomial<C> pi : Pfac ) {
            GenPolynomial<C> ai = Afac.get(i++);
            if ( pi.degree(0) <= 1 ) {
                cfactors.add( ai.leadingBaseCoefficient() ); 
                cdenom.add(pi); 
                continue;
            }
            PartialFraction<C> pf = baseAlgebraicPartialFractionIrreducibleAbsolute(ai,pi);
            //PartialFraction<C> pf = baseAlgebraicPartialFractionIrreducible(ai,pi);
            cfactors.addAll( pf.cfactors ); 
            cdenom.addAll( pf.cdenom ); 
            afactors.addAll( pf.afactors ); 
            adenom.addAll( pf.adenom );
        }
        return new PartialFraction<C>(A,P,cfactors,cdenom,afactors,adenom);
    }


    /**
     * Univariate GenPolynomial algebraic partial fraction decomposition, 
     * Rothstein-Trager algorithm.
     * @param A univariate GenPolynomial, deg(A) < deg(P).
     * @param P univariate squarefree GenPolynomial, gcd(A,P) == 1.
     * @return partial fraction container.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public PartialFraction<C> baseAlgebraicPartialFractionIrreducible(GenPolynomial<C> A, GenPolynomial<C> P) {
        if (P == null || P.isZERO() ) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(" P == null or P == 0");
        }
        //System.out.println("\nP_base_algeb_part = " + P);
        GenPolynomialRing<C> pfac = P.ring; // K[x]
        if (pfac.nvar > 1) {
            //System.out.println("facs_base_irred: univ");
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("only for univariate polynomials");
        }
        if (!pfac.coFac.isField()) {
            //System.out.println("facs_base_irred: field");
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("only for field coefficients");
        }
        List<C> cfactors = new ArrayList<C>();
        List<GenPolynomial<C>> cdenom = new ArrayList<GenPolynomial<C>>();
        List<AlgebraicNumber<C>> afactors = new ArrayList<AlgebraicNumber<C>>();
        List<GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>>> adenom = new ArrayList<GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>>>();

        // P linear
        if (P.degree(0) <= 1) {
            cfactors.add(A.leadingBaseCoefficient());
            cdenom.add(P); 
            return new PartialFraction<C>(A,P,cfactors,cdenom,afactors,adenom);
        }

        // deriviative
        GenPolynomial<C> Pp = PolyUtil.<C> baseDeriviative(P);
        //no: Pp = Pp.monic();
        //System.out.println("\nP  = " + P);
        //System.out.println("Pp = " + Pp);

        // Q[t]
        String[] vars = new String[] { "t" };
        GenPolynomialRing<C> cfac = new GenPolynomialRing<C>(pfac.coFac, 1, pfac.tord, vars);
        GenPolynomial<C> t = cfac.univariate(0);
        //System.out.println("t = " + t);

        // Q[x][t]
        GenPolynomialRing<GenPolynomial<C>> rfac = new GenPolynomialRing<GenPolynomial<C>>(pfac, cfac); // sic
        //System.out.println("rfac = " + rfac.toScript());

        // transform polynomials to bi-variate polynomial
        GenPolynomial<GenPolynomial<C>> Ac = PolyUfdUtil.<C> introduceLowerVariable(rfac, A);
        //System.out.println("Ac = " + Ac);
        GenPolynomial<GenPolynomial<C>> Pc = PolyUfdUtil.<C> introduceLowerVariable(rfac, P);
        //System.out.println("Pc = " + Pc);
        GenPolynomial<GenPolynomial<C>> Pcp = PolyUfdUtil.<C> introduceLowerVariable(rfac, Pp);
        //System.out.println("Pcp = " + Pcp);

        // Q[t][x]
        GenPolynomialRing<GenPolynomial<C>> rfac1 = Pc.ring;
        //System.out.println("rfac1 = " + rfac1.toScript());

        // A - t P'
        GenPolynomial<GenPolynomial<C>> tc = rfac1.getONE().multiply(t);
        //System.out.println("tc = " + tc);
        GenPolynomial<GenPolynomial<C>> At = Ac.subtract( tc.multiply(Pcp) ); 
        //System.out.println("At = " + At);

        GreatestCommonDivisorSubres<C> engine = new GreatestCommonDivisorSubres<C>();
        // = GCDFactory.<C>getImplementation( cfac.coFac );
        GreatestCommonDivisorAbstract<AlgebraicNumber<C>> aengine = null;

        GenPolynomial<GenPolynomial<C>> Rc = engine.recursiveUnivariateResultant(Pc, At);
        //System.out.println("Rc = " + Rc);
        GenPolynomial<C> res = Rc.leadingBaseCoefficient();
        //no: res = res.monic();
        //System.out.println("\nres = " + res);

        SortedMap<GenPolynomial<C>,Long> resfac = baseFactors(res);
        //System.out.println("resfac = " + resfac + "\n");

        for ( GenPolynomial<C> r : resfac.keySet() ) {
            //System.out.println("\nr(t) = " + r);
            if ( r.isConstant() ) {
                continue;
            }
//             if ( r.degree(0) <= 1L ) {
//                 System.out.println("warning linear factor in resultant ignored");
//                 continue;
//                 //throw new ArithmeticException("input not irreducible");
//             }
            //vars = new String[] { "z_" + Math.abs(r.hashCode() % 1000) };
            vars = pfac.newVars( "z_" );
            pfac = pfac.clone();
            vars = pfac.setVars(vars);
            r = pfac.copy(r); // hack to exchange the variables
            //System.out.println("r(z_) = " + r);
            AlgebraicNumberRing<C> afac = new AlgebraicNumberRing<C>(r, true); // since irreducible
            logger.debug("afac = " + afac.toScript());
            AlgebraicNumber<C> a = afac.getGenerator();
            //no: a = a.negate();
            //System.out.println("a = " + a);

            // K(alpha)[x]
            GenPolynomialRing<AlgebraicNumber<C>> pafac 
                = new GenPolynomialRing<AlgebraicNumber<C>>(afac, Pc.ring);
            //System.out.println("pafac = " + pafac.toScript());

            // convert to K(alpha)[x]
            GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>> Pa = PolyUtil.<C> convertToAlgebraicCoefficients(pafac, P);
            //System.out.println("Pa = " + Pa);
            GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>> Pap = PolyUtil.<C> convertToAlgebraicCoefficients(pafac, Pp);
            //System.out.println("Pap = " + Pap);
            GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>> Aa = PolyUtil.<C> convertToAlgebraicCoefficients(pafac, A);
            //System.out.println("Aa = " + Aa);

            // A - a P'
            GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>> Ap = Aa.subtract( Pap.multiply(a) ); 
            //System.out.println("Ap = " + Ap);

            if ( aengine == null ) {
                aengine = GCDFactory.<AlgebraicNumber<C>>getImplementation( afac );
                //System.out.println("aengine = " + aengine);
            }
            GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>> Ga = aengine.baseGcd(Pa,Ap);
            //System.out.println("Ga = " + Ga);
            if ( Ga.isConstant() ) {
                //System.out.println("warning constant gcd ignored");
                continue;
            }
            afactors.add( a );
            adenom.add( Ga );
            // quadratic case
            if ( P.degree(0) == 2 && Ga.degree(0) == 1 ) {
                GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>>[] qra = PolyUtil.<AlgebraicNumber<C>> basePseudoQuotientRemainder(Pa,Ga);
                GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>> Qa = qra[0];
                if ( !qra[1].isZERO() ) {
                    throw new ArithmeticException("remainder not zero");
                }
                //System.out.println("Qa = " + Qa);
                afactors.add( a.negate() );
                adenom.add( Qa );
            }
            if ( false && P.degree(0) == 3 && Ga.degree(0) == 1 ) {
                GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>>[] qra = PolyUtil.<AlgebraicNumber<C>> basePseudoQuotientRemainder(Pa,Ga);
                GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>> Qa = qra[0];
                if ( !qra[1].isZERO() ) {
                    throw new ArithmeticException("remainder not zero");
                }
                System.out.println("Qa3 = " + Qa);
                //afactors.add( a.negate() );
                //adenom.add( Qa );
            }
        }
        return new PartialFraction<C>(A,P,cfactors,cdenom,afactors,adenom);
    }


    /**
     * Univariate GenPolynomial algebraic partial fraction decomposition, 
     * via absolute factorization to linear factors.
     * @param A univariate GenPolynomial, deg(A) < deg(P).
     * @param P univariate squarefree GenPolynomial, gcd(A,P) == 1.
     * @return partial fraction container.
     */
    public PartialFraction<C> baseAlgebraicPartialFractionIrreducibleAbsolute(GenPolynomial<C> A, GenPolynomial<C> P) {
        if (P == null || P.isZERO() ) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(" P == null or P == 0");
        }
        //System.out.println("\nP_base_algeb_part = " + P);
        GenPolynomialRing<C> pfac = P.ring; // K[x]
        if (pfac.nvar > 1) {
            //System.out.println("facs_base_irred: univ");
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("only for univariate polynomials");
        }
        if (!pfac.coFac.isField()) {
            //System.out.println("facs_base_irred: field");
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("only for field coefficients");
        }
        List<C> cfactors = new ArrayList<C>();
        List<GenPolynomial<C>> cdenom = new ArrayList<GenPolynomial<C>>();
        List<AlgebraicNumber<C>> afactors = new ArrayList<AlgebraicNumber<C>>();
        List<GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>>> adenom = new ArrayList<GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>>>();

        // P linear
        if (P.degree(0) <= 1) {
            cfactors.add(A.leadingBaseCoefficient());
            cdenom.add(P); 
            return new PartialFraction<C>(A,P,cfactors,cdenom,afactors,adenom);
        }

        // non linear case
        Factors<C> afacs = factorsAbsoluteIrreducible(P);
        //System.out.println("linear algebraic factors = " + afacs);

        //System.out.println("afactors      = " + afacs.afactors);
        //System.out.println("arfactors     = " + afacs.arfactors);
        //System.out.println("arfactors pol = " + afacs.arfactors.get(0).poly);
        //System.out.println("arfactors2    = " + afacs.arfactors.get(0).afactors);

        List<GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>>> fact = afacs.getFactors();
        //System.out.println("factors       = " + fact);
        GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>> Pa = afacs.apoly;

        GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>> Aa = PolyUtil
                .<C> convertToRecAlgebraicCoefficients(1, Pa.ring, A);


        GreatestCommonDivisorAbstract<AlgebraicNumber<C>> aengine = GCDFactory.getProxy(afacs.afac);

        //System.out.println("denom         = " + Pa);
        //System.out.println("numer         = " + Aa);

        List<GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>>> numers = aengine.basePartialFraction(Aa,fact);
        //System.out.println("part frac     = " + numers);
        GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>> A0 = numers.remove(0);
        if ( ! A0.isZERO() ) {
            throw new ArithmeticException(" A0 != 0: deg(A)>= deg(P)");
        }
        int i = 0;
        for ( GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>> fa : fact ) {
            GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>> an = numers.get(i++);
            if ( fa.degree(0) <= 1 ) {
                afactors.add(an.leadingBaseCoefficient());
                adenom.add( fa );
                continue;
            }
            System.out.println("fa = " + fa);
            Factors<AlgebraicNumber<C>> faf = afacs.getFactor(fa);
            System.out.println("faf = " + faf);
            List<GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<AlgebraicNumber<C>>>> fafact = faf.getFactors();
            GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<AlgebraicNumber<C>>> Aaa = PolyUtil
                .<AlgebraicNumber<C>> convertToRecAlgebraicCoefficients(1, faf.apoly.ring, an);

            GreatestCommonDivisorAbstract<AlgebraicNumber<AlgebraicNumber<C>>> aaengine = GCDFactory.getImplementation(faf.afac);

            List<GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<AlgebraicNumber<C>>>> anumers = aaengine.basePartialFraction(Aaa,fafact);
            System.out.println("algeb part frac = " + anumers);
            GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<AlgebraicNumber<C>>> A0a = anumers.remove(0);
            if ( ! A0a.isZERO() ) {
                throw new ArithmeticException(" A0 != 0: deg(A)>= deg(P)");
            }
            int k = 0;
            for ( GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<AlgebraicNumber<C>>> faa : fafact ) {
                GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<AlgebraicNumber<C>>> ana = anumers.get(k++);
                System.out.println("faa = " + faa);
                System.out.println("ana = " + ana);
                if ( faa.degree(0) > 1 ) {
                    throw new ArithmeticException(" faa not linear");
                }
                GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>> ana1 = (GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>>)(GenPolynomial)ana;
                GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>> faa1 = (GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>>)(GenPolynomial)faa;


                afactors.add(ana1.leadingBaseCoefficient());
                adenom.add( faa1 );
            }
        }
        return new PartialFraction<C>(A,P,cfactors,cdenom,afactors,adenom);
    }


    /**
     * GenPolynomial absolute factorization of a polynomial.
     * @param P GenPolynomial.
     * @return factors map container: [p_1 -&gt; e_1, ..., p_k -&gt; e_k] with P =
     *         prod_{i=1,...,k} p_i**e_i. <b>Note:</b> K(alpha) not yet
     *         minimal.
     */
    public FactorsMap<C> factorsAbsolute(GenPolynomial<C> P) {
        if (P == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(this.getClass().getName() + " P == null");
        }
        SortedMap<GenPolynomial<C>, Long> factors = new TreeMap<GenPolynomial<C>, Long>();
        if (P.isZERO()) {
            return new FactorsMap<C>(P, factors);
        }
        //System.out.println("\nP_mult = " + P);
        GenPolynomialRing<C> pfac = P.ring; // K[x]
        if (pfac.nvar <= 1) {
            return baseFactorsAbsolute(P);
        }
        if (!pfac.coFac.isField()) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("only for field coefficients");
        }
        if (P.degree() <= 1) {
            factors.put(P, 1L);
            return new FactorsMap<C>(P, factors);
        }
        // factor over K (=C)
        SortedMap<GenPolynomial<C>, Long> facs = factors(P);
        if (debug && !isFactorization(P, facs)) {
            throw new ArithmeticException("isFactorization = false");
        }
        if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
            logger.info("all K factors = " + facs); // Q[X]
            //System.out.println("\nall K factors = " + facs); // Q[X]
        }
        SortedMap<Factors<C>, Long> afactors = new TreeMap<Factors<C>, Long>();
        // factor over K(alpha)
        for (GenPolynomial<C> p : facs.keySet()) {
            Long e = facs.get(p);
            if (p.degree() <= 1) {
                factors.put(p, e);
            } else {
                Factors<C> afacs = factorsAbsoluteIrreducible(p);
                if (afacs.afac == null) { // absolute irreducible
                    factors.put(p, e);
                } else {
                    afactors.put(afacs, e);
                }
            }
        }
        //System.out.println("K(alpha) factors multi = " + factors);
        return new FactorsMap<C>(P, factors, afactors);
    }


    /**
     * GenPolynomial absolute factorization of a squarefree polynomial.
     * @param P squarefree and primitive GenPolynomial.
     * @return factors list container: [p_1,...,p_k] with P = prod_{i=1, ..., k}
     *         p_i. <b>Note:</b> K(alpha) not yet minimal.
     */
    // @Override
    public FactorsList<C> factorsAbsoluteSquarefree(GenPolynomial<C> P) {
        if (P == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(this.getClass().getName() + " P == null");
        }
        List<GenPolynomial<C>> factors = new ArrayList<GenPolynomial<C>>();
        if (P.isZERO()) {
            return new FactorsList<C>(P, factors);
        }
        //System.out.println("\nP = " + P);
        GenPolynomialRing<C> pfac = P.ring; // K[x]
        if (pfac.nvar <= 1) {
            return baseFactorsAbsoluteSquarefree(P);
        }
        if (!pfac.coFac.isField()) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("only for field coefficients");
        }
        if (P.degree() <= 1) {
            factors.add(P);
            return new FactorsList<C>(P, factors);
        }
        // factor over K (=C)
        List<GenPolynomial<C>> facs = factorsSquarefree(P);
        if (debug && !isFactorization(P, facs)) {
            throw new ArithmeticException("isFactorization = false");
        }
        if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
            logger.info("all K factors = " + facs); // Q[X]
            //System.out.println("\nall K factors = " + facs); // Q[X]
        }
        List<Factors<C>> afactors = new ArrayList<Factors<C>>();
        // factor over K(alpha)
        for (GenPolynomial<C> p : facs) {
            if (p.degree() <= 1) {
                factors.add(p);
            } else {
                Factors<C> afacs = factorsAbsoluteIrreducible(p);
                if (debug) {
                    logger.info("K(alpha) factors = " + afacs); // K(alpha)[X]
                }
                if (afacs.afac == null) { // absolute irreducible
                    factors.add(p);
                } else {
                    afactors.add(afacs);
                }
            }
        }
        //System.out.println("K(alpha) factors = " + factors);
        return new FactorsList<C>(P, factors, afactors);
    }


    /**
     * GenPolynomial absolute factorization of a irreducible polynomial.
     * @param P irreducible! GenPolynomial.
     * @return factors container: [p_1,...,p_k] with P = prod_{i=1, ..., k} p_i
     *         in K(alpha)[x] for suitable alpha and p_i irreducible over L[x],
     *         where K \subset K(alpha) \subset L is an algebraically closed
     *         field over K. <b>Note:</b> K(alpha) not yet minimal.
     */
    public Factors<C> factorsAbsoluteIrreducible(GenPolynomial<C> P) {
        if (P == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(this.getClass().getName() + " P == null");
        }
        if (P.isZERO()) {
            return new Factors<C>(P);
        }
        GenPolynomialRing<C> pfac = P.ring; // K[x]
        if (pfac.nvar <= 1) {
            return baseFactorsAbsoluteIrreducible(P);
        }
        if (!pfac.coFac.isField()) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("only for field coefficients");
        }
        List<GenPolynomial<C>> factors = new ArrayList<GenPolynomial<C>>();
        if (P.degree() <= 1) {
            return new Factors<C>(P);
        }
        // find field extension K(alpha)
        GenPolynomial<C> up = P;
        RingFactory<C> cf = pfac.coFac;
        long cr = cf.characteristic().longValue(); // char might be larger
        if (cr == 0L) {
            cr = Long.MAX_VALUE;
        }
        long rp = 0L;
        for (int i = 0; i < (pfac.nvar - 1); i++) {
            rp = 0L;
            GenPolynomialRing<C> nfac = pfac.contract(1);
            String[] vn = new String[] { pfac.getVars()[pfac.nvar - 1] };
            GenPolynomialRing<GenPolynomial<C>> rfac = new GenPolynomialRing<GenPolynomial<C>>(nfac, 1,
                    pfac.tord, vn);
            GenPolynomial<GenPolynomial<C>> upr = PolyUtil.<C> recursive(rfac, up);
            //System.out.println("upr = " + upr);
            GenPolynomial<C> ep;
            do {
                if (rp >= cr) {
                    throw new ArithmeticException("elements of prime field exhausted: " + cr);
                }
                C r = cf.fromInteger(rp); //cf.random(rp);
                //System.out.println("r   = " + r);
                ep = PolyUtil.<C> evaluateMainRecursive(nfac, upr, r);
                //System.out.println("ep  = " + ep);
                rp++;
            } while (!isSquarefree(ep) /*todo: || ep.degree() <= 1*/); // max deg
            up = ep;
            pfac = nfac;
        }
        up = up.monic();
        if (debug) {
            logger.info("P(" + rp + ") = " + up);
            //System.out.println("up  = " + up);
        }
        if (debug && !isSquarefree(up)) {
            throw new ArithmeticException("not irreducible up = " + up);
        }
        if (up.degree(0) <= 1) {
            return new Factors<C>(P);
        }
        // find irreducible factor of up
        List<GenPolynomial<C>> UF = baseFactorsSquarefree(up);
        //System.out.println("UF  = " + UF);
        FactorsList<C> aUF = baseFactorsAbsoluteSquarefree(up);
        //System.out.println("aUF  = " + aUF);
        AlgebraicNumberRing<C> arfac = aUF.findExtensionField();
        //System.out.println("arfac  = " + arfac);

        long e = up.degree(0);
        // search factor polynomial with smallest degree 
        for (int i = 0; i < UF.size(); i++) {
            GenPolynomial<C> upi = UF.get(i);
            long d = upi.degree(0);
            if (1 <= d && d <= e) {
                up = upi;
                e = up.degree(0);
            }
        }
        if (up.degree(0) <= 1) {
            return new Factors<C>(P);
        }
        if (debug) {
            logger.info("field extension by " + up);
        }

        List<GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>>> afactors = new ArrayList<GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>>>();

        // setup field extension K(alpha)
        //String[] vars = new String[] { "z_" + Math.abs(up.hashCode() % 1000) };
        String[] vars = pfac.newVars( "z_" );
        pfac = pfac.clone();
        String[] ovars = pfac.setVars(vars); // side effects! 
        GenPolynomial<C> aup = pfac.copy(up); // hack to exchange the variables

        //AlgebraicNumberRing<C> afac = new AlgebraicNumberRing<C>(aup,true); // since irreducible
        AlgebraicNumberRing<C> afac = arfac;
        int depth = afac.depth();
        //System.out.println("afac = " + afac);
        GenPolynomialRing<AlgebraicNumber<C>> pafac = new GenPolynomialRing<AlgebraicNumber<C>>(afac,
                P.ring.nvar, P.ring.tord, P.ring.getVars());
        //System.out.println("pafac = " + pafac);
        // convert to K(alpha)
        GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>> Pa = PolyUtil
                .<C> convertToRecAlgebraicCoefficients(depth, pafac, P);
        //System.out.println("Pa = " + Pa);
        // factor over K(alpha)
        FactorAbstract<AlgebraicNumber<C>> engine = FactorFactory.<C> getImplementation(afac);
        afactors = engine.factorsSquarefree(Pa);
        if (debug) {
            logger.info("K(alpha) factors multi = " + afactors);
            //System.out.println("K(alpha) factors = " + afactors);
        }
        if (afactors.size() <= 1) {
            return new Factors<C>(P);
        }
        // normalize first factor to monic
        GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>> p1 = afactors.get(0);
        AlgebraicNumber<C> p1c = p1.leadingBaseCoefficient();
        if (!p1c.isONE()) {
            GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>> p2 = afactors.get(1);
            afactors.remove(p1);
            afactors.remove(p2);
            p1 = p1.divide(p1c);
            p2 = p2.multiply(p1c);
            afactors.add(p1);
            afactors.add(p2);
        }
        // recursion for splitting field
        // find minimal field extension K(beta) \subset K(alpha)
        return new Factors<C>(P, afac, Pa, afactors);
    }


    /**
     * GenPolynomial is absolute factorization.
     * @param facs factors container.
     * @return true if P = prod_{i=1,...,r} p_i, else false.
     */
    public boolean isAbsoluteFactorization(Factors<C> facs) {
        if (facs == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("facs may not be null");
        }
        if (facs.afac == null) {
            return true;
        }
        GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>> fa = facs.apoly;
        GenPolynomialRing<AlgebraicNumber<C>> pafac = fa.ring;
        GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>> t = pafac.getONE();
        for (GenPolynomial<AlgebraicNumber<C>> f : facs.afactors) {
            t = t.multiply(f);
        }
        //return fa.equals(t) || fa.equals(t.negate());
        boolean b = fa.equals(t) || fa.equals(t.negate());
        if ( b ) {
            return b;
        }
        if ( facs.arfactors == null ) {
            return false;
        }
        for (Factors<AlgebraicNumber<C>> arp : facs.arfactors) {
            t = t.multiply(arp.poly);
        }
        b = fa.equals(t) || fa.equals(t.negate());
        if (!b) {
            System.out.println("\nFactors: " + facs);
            System.out.println("fa = " + fa);
            System.out.println("t = " + t);
        }
        return b;
    }


    /**
     * GenPolynomial is absolute factorization.
     * @param facs factors list container.
     * @return true if P = prod_{i=1,...,r} p_i, else false.
     */
    public boolean isAbsoluteFactorization(FactorsList<C> facs) {
        if (facs == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("facs may not be null");
        }
        GenPolynomial<C> P = facs.poly;
        GenPolynomial<C> t = P.ring.getONE();
        for (GenPolynomial<C> f : facs.factors) {
            t = t.multiply(f);
        }
        if (P.equals(t) || P.equals(t.negate())) {
            return true;
        }
        if (facs.afactors == null) {
            return false;
        }
        for (Factors<C> fs : facs.afactors) {
            if (!isAbsoluteFactorization(fs)) {
                return false;
            }
            t = t.multiply(facs.poly);
        }
        //return P.equals(t) || P.equals(t.negate());
        boolean b = P.equals(t) || P.equals(t.negate());
        if (!b) {
            System.out.println("\nFactorsList: " + facs);
            System.out.println("P = " + P);
            System.out.println("t = " + t);
        }
        return b;
    }


    /**
     * GenPolynomial is absolute factorization.
     * @param facs factors map container.
     * @return true if P = prod_{i=1,...,k} p_i**e_i , else false.
     */
    public boolean isAbsoluteFactorization(FactorsMap<C> facs) {
        if (facs == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("facs may not be null");
        }
        GenPolynomial<C> P = facs.poly;
        GenPolynomial<C> t = P.ring.getONE();
        for (GenPolynomial<C> f : facs.factors.keySet()) {
            long e = facs.factors.get(f);
            GenPolynomial<C> g = Power.<GenPolynomial<C>> positivePower(f, e);
            t = t.multiply(g);
        }
        if (P.equals(t) || P.equals(t.negate())) {
            return true;
        }
        if (facs.afactors == null) {
            return false;
        }
        for (Factors<C> fs : facs.afactors.keySet()) {
            if (!isAbsoluteFactorization(fs)) {
                return false;
            }
            long e = facs.afactors.get(fs);
            GenPolynomial<C> g = Power.<GenPolynomial<C>> positivePower(fs.poly, e);
            t = t.multiply(g);
        }
        boolean b = P.equals(t) || P.equals(t.negate());
        if (!b) {
            System.out.println("\nFactorsMap: " + facs);
            System.out.println("P = " + P);
            System.out.println("t = " + t);
        }
        return b;
    }

}
